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HOME> Products> Cell Culture> Imaging dye> FAOBlue | Funakoshi

Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) activity detection / assay reagent FAOBlue | Funakoshi

Date：August 27 2020Web Page No：81517

Funakoshi Co.,Ltd.

Presently there are no tools for direct FAO (Fatty Acid Oxidation) activity detection. Funakoshi Company proudly released a novel, FAO activity detection reagent in live cells called FAOBlue. When mitochondria metabolizes FAOBlue, a strong blue-fluorescence is emitted. Measuring mitochondrial FAO activity is now a quick and easy procedure with FAOBlue.

Graphical image of FAOBlue and an example of live cell staining
FAOBlue can be easily incorporated into cells and be degraded by mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation (FAO). After FAO cycles, a blue fluorescent dye is released from the degraded reagent to whole cells. FAO inhibitor suppresses a release of the blue fluorescent dye.

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Background
FAOBlue
Features
Application data
How to use
Spectrum
Original paper
Product information

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Background

Fatty acids (FAs) are basic building blocks for wide variety of lipids, essential components of cells, and one of primary sources of energy.
The major pathway for the degradation of FAs is mitochondrial FA beta-oxidation(FAO).
FAO is a key metabolic pathway for energy homeostasis in organs such as the liver, heart and skeletal muscle.

FAO is a complicated biochemical event containing many types of enzymes.
First, FAs are converted to acyl-CoA form by acyl-CoA synthetase family.
Second, acyl-CoA forms are incorporated into mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle pathway.
Once acyl-CoA entering to mitochondrial matrix, acyl-CoA (C_{n) is converted to acyl-CoA (C_n-2) and acetyl-CoA by four stepwise reactions.}

1) Dehydrogeneration: Acyl-CoA is oxidized to enoyl-CoA by acyl-CoA dehydrogenases.
2) Hydration: Enoyl-CoA is hydrated to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA by crotonase.
3) Oxidation: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to 3-ketoacyl-CoA.
4) Thiolysis: 3-ketoacyl-CoA to acyl-CoA (Cn-2) and acetyl-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA is further converted to ATP.
The resulting acyl-CoA (C_n-2) enters another cycle of FAO to further produce acyl-CoA (C_n-4) .

Abnormal FAO is involved in various diseases such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD).
Although measurement of FAO activity in diseased cells is important, methods for measuring FAO activity are limited due to its complicated processes above.
Only a few indirect methods such as using radio isotope containing fatty acids or measuring oxygen consumption are commonly performed.

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FAOBlue

FAOBlue is the world-first reagent for directly measuring FAO activity in living cells.
FAOBlue is a coumarin dye possessing a nonanoic acid (C9) protected by acetoxymethyl ester and it shows no fluorescence excited by 405 nm before metabolization by FAO.
FAOBlue can enter into cells through direct penetration of cell membrane and its acetoxymethyl ester is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases.
Free FA type of FAOBlue is converted to acyl-CoA and further incorporated into FAO pathway.
Acyl-CoA type of FAOBlue is degraded by three FAO cycles to non-fluorescent coumarin possessing a propionic acid (C3).
After 4 th FAO degradation, coumarin dye is released from propionic acid and diffused into whole cells.
While FAOBlue shows no fluorescence excited by 405 nm before metabolizing by FAO, the released coumarin derived from FAO cycles shows strong blue fluorescence excited by 405 nm.

FAOBlue-based FAO assay enables to measure FAO activity with an easy procedure.
Inhibition of carnitine shuttle by etomoxir greatly diminishes the fluorescence enhancement in living cells.
This data suggests that FAOBlue mainly detects mitochondrial FAO activity.

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Features

Can detect FAO activity directly.
Easy procedure with no special equipment.
Can detect perturbation of lipid-degradation by drug treatment quantitatively
→ Help to estimate effects of drug candidates on lipid metabolism
Have used in NASH model mouse and various cell line.

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Application data

Visualization of FAO activities in 4 cancer cell lines Four cancer cell lines (HepG2, LNCaP, HeLa and A549) were treated with FAOBlue in HEPES-buffered saline (HBS) buffer with or without pre-treatment of etomoxir (40 μM, 3 hours), a potent FAO inhibitor.
After FAOBlue incubation, blue fluorescence (Ex. 405 nm / Em. 430-480 nm) was observed.
All cell lines showed blue fluorescence in cytosol, but pre-treatment of etomoxir clearly decreased fluorescent intensities.
These results indicated the blue fluorescence was derived from FAO activity in the cells.

* Experimental condition:
HepG2: 5 μM FAOBlue for 30 min.
LNCaP: 20 μM FAOBlue for 120 min
HeLa: 20 μM FAOBlue for 120 min
A549: 5 μM FAOBlue for 30 min

Perturbation of FAO activity by drugs
HepG2 cells were pre-incubated with 200 μM AICAR, a FAO activator via AMPK activation, for 3 hours or 200 μM of ranolazine, a partial FAO inhibitor, for 12 hours.
After drug treatment, the cells were incubated with 5 μM FAOBlue for 30 min.
Compared with control cells, pre-treatment with AICAR significantly increased blue fluorescent intensity.
On the other hand, pretreatment with the partial FAO inhibitor ranolazine clearly decreased blue fluorescent intensity.
Ex. 405 nm / Em. 430-480 nm

Quantitative analysis of the drug effects on FAO activity
ND630 is an inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and considered as a potential therapeutic drug for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
HepG2 cells were pre incubated with various concentration of ND630 for 4 hours.
After ND630 treatment, cells were treated with 5 μM FAOBlue for 30 min.
Blue fluorescent intensities of each concentration of ND630 were quantified.
Ex. 405 nm / Em. 430-480 nm

Analysis of FAO activity using NASH model mouse
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a typical disease which shows low metabolic activity of FAs.
Control healthy mice and NASH model mice were orally administered with 400 mg/kg bezafibrate, a therapeutic agent of NASH.
After 4 weeks administration, primary hepatocytes were isolated from control mice and NASH model mice and cultured in culture dishes.
Primary hepatocytes were further treated with 5 μM FAOBlue for 30 min and fluorescence imaging was performed.
Compared with control cells, NASH model mouse-derived hepatocytes showed low FAO activity.
Bezafibrate dramatically recovered FAO activity of hepatocytes isolated from NASH model mouse.
FAOBlue is a powerful tool to estimate drug effects and efficiency on FAO activity.
*Detail procedure of mice experiment is described in original paper below.
Ex. 405 nm/ Em. 430-480 nm

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How to use

General procedure

Add FAOBlue recommended final conc. 5-20 μM) in fresh HEPES buffered saline (HBS)
NOTE: Instead of HBS, serum free culture media also suitable.
Remove the cultured medium and wash the cells with HBS twice
Add FAOBlue containing HBS to cells
Incubate cells at 37℃ for >30 min
Wash cells with HBS
Observe cells under live condition with blue fluorescence (Ex 405 nm / Em. 430-480 nm)

Notes

This reagent uses 405 nm wavelength as excitation light, then auto-fluorescence may be observed depending on samples. It is recommended that a negative control without FAOBlue be performed in parallel. In particular, if dot-like fluorescent signals are observed with microscope, they may be caused by autofluorescence.

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Spectrum

Absorbance and fluorescence spectrum of FAO Blue and coumarin derivative.
Absorbance spectra (Left):
an absorption peak of coumarin derivative dye is clearly shifted by FAO from the peak of FAOBlue.
Fluorescence spectra (Right):
Coumarin derivative dye shows strong blue fluorescence but FAOBlue emits little fluorescence, when both compounds are excited at 405 nm.
NOTE: FAOBlue shows blue fluorescence (gray line; 370-450 nm) when it is excited at 300-380 nm (max 350 nm).

Experimental guide for imaging

Confocal laser microscopy:
Please use 405 nm laser equipped in the microscopy .
Using 405 nm laser allows to detect only a fluorescent signal from coumarin derivative dye.

Epifluorescence microscopy:
Excitation filter is very important.
Commercial DAPI filters are not compatible with this reagent, because DAPI filters excite both FAOBlue and coumarin derivative dye.
Excitation filters which pass 390-450 nm wavelength light are recommended.

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Original paper

Uchinomiya et al., Chem. Commun 56, 3023 3026 (2020)
Fluorescence Detection of Metabolic Activity of Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Activity in Living Cells.

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Product information

[Date : February 15 2024 12:37]

Detail Product Name Product Code Supplier Size Price

FAOBlue, Fatty Acid Oxidation Detection Reagent
DatasheetThis may not be the latest data sheet. FDV-0033 FNAFunakoshi Co.,Ltd. 0.2 mg $350

Contact

Description	FAOBlue is the world-first reagent for directly measuring FAO (Fatty Acid Oxidation) activity in living cells.
Storage	-20°C	CAS
Link	Lipid Metabolism Detection Tools for Cancer Research

[Date : February 15 2024 12:37]

FAOBlue, Fatty Acid Oxidation Detection Reagent

DatasheetThis may not be the latest data sheet.

Product Code: FDV-0033
Supplier: FNA
Size: 0.2mg
Price: $350

Description	FAOBlue is the world-first reagent for directly measuring FAO (Fatty Acid Oxidation) activity in living cells.
Storage	-20°C	CAS
Link	Lipid Metabolism Detection Tools for Cancer Research

Contact

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CONTACT

export@funakoshi.co.jp

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