Prodigiosin (CAS: 82-89-3)

C₂₀H₂₅N₃O

• Red-pigmented antibiotic [1].
• Antimalarial [2, 13].
• Immunosuppressive [3, 7, 11, 12].
• Apoptosis inducer [4-6, 15].
• Cytotoxic. Induces phosphorylation of p38-MAPK [8].
• Antimetastatic. Tumor invasion inhibitor [9].
• Induces p21WAF1/CIP1 expression [10].
• Anticancer compound [11, 12, 15].
• gp91(phox) and iNOS expression inhibitor [14].
• mTORC1 and mTORC2 complex inhibitor [16].
• Down-regulates SKP2 to induce p27(KIP1) stabilization [17].

1. The Antibiotic Activity of Violacein, Prodigiosin, and Phthiocol: H.C. Lichstein & V.F. Van De Sand; J. Bacteriol. 52, 145 (1946)
2. Antimalarial activity of prodigiosin: A.J. Castro; Nature 213, 903 (1967)
3. T-cell specific immunosuppression by prodigiosin isolated from Serratia marcescens: S.B. Han, et al.; Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 20, 1 (1998)
4. Prodigiosin from the supernatant of Serratia marcescens induces apoptosis in haematopoietic cancer cell lines: B. Montaner, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 131, 585 (2000)
5. Prodigiosin-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells: B. Montaner & R. Perez-Tomas; Life Sci. 68, 2025 (2001)
6. Prodigiosin induces cell death and morphological changes indicative of apoptosis in gastric cancer cell line HGT-1: C. Diaz-Ruiz, et al.; Histol. Histopathol. 16, 415 (2001)
7. Prodigiosin blocks T cell activation by inhibiting interleukin-2Ralpha expression and delays progression of autoimmune diabetes and collagen-induced arthritis: S.B. Han, et al.; JPET 299, 415 (2001)
8. The cytotoxic prodigiosin induces phosphorylation of p38-MAPK but not of SAPK/JNK: B. Montaner & R. Perez-Tomas; Toxicol. Lett. 129, 93 (2002)
9. Antimetastatic effect of prodigiosin through inhibition of tumor invasion: J. Zhang, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 69, 407 (2005)
10. The anticancer agent prodigiosin induces p21WAF1/CIP1 expression via transforming growth factor-beta receptor pathway: V. Soto-Cerrato, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 74, 1340 (2007)
11. Prodigiosins as anti cancer agents: living upto their name: R. Pandey, et al.; Curr. Pharm. Des. 15, 732 (2009)
12. New insights on the antitumoral properties of prodiginines: R. Perez-Tomas & M. Vinas; Curr. Med. Chem. 17, 2222 (2010)
13. Prodigiosin produced by Serratia marcescens NMCC46 as a mosquito larvicidal agent against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi: C.D. Patil, et al.; Parasitol. Res. 109, 1179 (2011)
14. Prodigiosin inhibits gp91(phox) and iNOS expression to protect mice against the oxidative/nitrosative brain injury induced by hypoxia-ischemia: C.C. Chang, et al.; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 257, 137 (2011)
15. Prodigiosin, the red pigment of Serratia marcescens, shows cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction in HT-29 and T47D cancer cell lines: D. Dalili, et al; Nat. Prod. Res. (Epub ahead of print) (2011)
16. Identification of dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitors in melanoma cells: prodigiosin vs. obatoclax: M. Espona-Fiedler, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 83, 489 (2012)
17. Prodigiosin down-regulates SKP2 to induce p27(KIP1) stabilization and antiproliferation in human lung adenocarcinoma cells: H.Y. Hsieh, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 166, 2095 (2012)